Reviewing Your Knowledge Exercise 14 Criteria for Naming Muscles

The Muscular Organization

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Learning Objectives

By the cease of this department, you will be able to:

• Describe the criteria used to proper noun skeletal muscles
• Explicate how understanding the muscle names helps describe shapes, location, and actions of various muscles

The Greeks and Romans conducted the get-go studies done on the homo body in Western culture. The educated course of subsequent societies studied Latin and Greek, and therefore the early pioneers of anatomy continued to use Latin and Greek terminology or roots when they named the skeletal muscles. The large number of muscles in the body and unfamiliar words can make learning the names of the muscles in the body seem daunting, but understanding the etymology can help. Etymology is the written report of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the utilise of the word evolved over time. Taking the time to learn the root of the words is crucial to understanding the vocabulary of anatomy and physiology. When yous understand the names of muscles it will assist you recall where the muscles are located and what they do ((Figure), (Figure), and (Figure)). Pronunciation of words and terms will have a bit of fourth dimension to master, only afterward y'all have some basic data; the correct names and pronunciations volition become easier.

Overview of the Muscular Arrangement

On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system in a higher place, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the trunk while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.

Understanding a Muscle Name from the Latin

Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots
Example	Latin or Greek Translation	Mnemonic Device
ad	to; toward	ADvance toward your goal
ab	abroad from	northward/a
sub	nether	SUBmarines movement under h2o.
ductor	something that moves	A usher makes a train move.
anti	against	If you lot are antisocial, yous are against engaging in social activities.
epi	on top of	n/a
apo	to the side of	n/a
longissimus	longest	"Longissimus" is longer than the word "long."
longus	long	long
brevis	short	brief
maximus	large	max
medius	medium	"Medius" and "medium" both begin with "med."
minimus	tiny; lilliputian	mini
rectus	straight	To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out.
multi	many	If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors.
uni	one	A UNIcorn has one horn.
bi/di	two	If a ring is DIcast, information technology is made of two metals.
tri	3	TRIple the amount of money is three times every bit much.
quad	four	QUADruplets are four children built-in at one birth.
externus	outside	EXternal
internus	inside	INternal

Anatomists proper noun the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the musculus in some style. These include naming the muscle later on its shape, its size compared to other muscles in the surface area, its location in the torso or the location of its attachments to the skeleton, how many origins it has, or its activity.

The skeletal musculus's anatomical location or its relationship to a particular bone often determines its name. For example, the frontalis muscle is located on tiptop of the frontal bone of the skull. Similarly, the shapes of some muscles are very distinctive and the names, such as orbicularis, reflect the shape. For the buttocks, the size of the muscles influences the names: gluteus maximus (largest), gluteus medius (medium), and the gluteus minimus (smallest). Names were given to indicate length—brevis (short), longus (long)—and to identify position relative to the midline: lateralis (to the outside away from the midline), and medialis (toward the midline). The management of the muscle fibers and fascicles are used to describe muscles relative to the midline, such as the rectus (directly) abdominis, or the oblique (at an angle) muscles of the abdomen.

Some musculus names indicate the number of muscles in a group. I case of this is the quadriceps, a group of iv muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh. Other muscle names can provide information as to how many origins a particular muscle has, such as the biceps brachii. The prefix bi indicates that the muscle has two origins and tri indicates 3 origins.

The location of a muscle'south attachment can besides appear in its name. When the proper name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named first. For instance, the sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck has a dual origin on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido), and it inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The last feature past which to name a muscle is its action. When muscles are named for the movement they produce, 1 can find activity words in their name. Some examples are flexor (decreases the bending at the joint), extensor (increases the bending at the articulation), abductor (moves the bone away from the midline), or adductor (moves the bone toward the midline).

Affiliate Review

Muscle names are based on many characteristics. The location of a muscle in the body is of import. Some muscles are named based on their size and location, such every bit the gluteal muscles of the buttocks. Other muscle names can point the location in the torso or basic with which the muscle is associated, such as the tibialis anterior. The shapes of some muscles are distinctive; for example, the direction of the musculus fibers is used to draw muscles of the body midline. The origin and/or insertion can also be features used to proper name a muscle; examples are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and the pectoralis major.

Review Questions

The location of a musculus's insertion and origin can determine ________.

1. action
2. the forcefulness of wrinkle
3. muscle name
4. the load a muscle can carry

Where is the temporalis muscle located?

1. on the forehead
2. in the cervix
3. on the side of the head
4. on the chin

Which muscle proper noun does non make sense?

1. extensor digitorum
2. gluteus minimus
3. biceps femoris
4. extensor minimus longus

Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body?

1. flexor
2. adductor
3. extensor
4. abductor

Disquisitional Thinking Questions

Describe the different criteria that contribute to how skeletal muscles are named.

In anatomy and physiology, many discussion roots are Latin or Greek. Portions, or roots, of the give-and-take give us clues about the function, shape, action, or location of a musculus.

Glossary

abductor

moves the bone away from the midline

adductor

moves the bone toward the midline

bi

2

brevis

short

extensor

muscle that increases the angle at the joint

flexor

muscle that decreases the angle at the joint

lateralis

to the exterior

longus

long

maximus

largest

medialis

to the within

medius

medium

minimus

smallest

oblique

at an bending

rectus

straight

tri

three

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Source: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiologyopenstax/chapter/naming-skeletal-muscles/